Study on Bitter Sesquiterpene Lactones in Leafy Lettuce(Lactuca sativa L.)

Name : Seo, Myeong Whoon
Dept. : Horticultural Science
Advisor : Prof. Dr. Park, Kuen Woo

Summary

Bitter sesquiterpene lactones (BSL) from extracts of 'Radicchio' chicory were identified as lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin, and lactucopicrin by NMR and LC-Mass. Each concentration of them was 19.596, 29.283, and 12.476 §¶·ml-1 DW, respectively. Using the BSL standard solution, the effect of different treatments on the accumulated amounts of BSL was studied. Treatments included various concentrations of total ion, nitrogen, phosphorous, magnesium and sulfur in nutrient solution; degree of shading the lights; kinds of lettuce cultivar; and cultural methods.

Ten kinds of lettuce cultivar were compared each other in view of the accumulation of BSL. 'Bulkkotchukmyun' lettuce showed the highest accumulation amount (67.7 §¶·g-1 DW) and followed by 'Hajicheongchukmyeon' lettuce (59.5 §¶·g-1 DW) and 'Hanbatcheongchima' lettuce (14.6 §¶·g-1 DW). These differences might be caused not only by the characteristics of each cultivar, but also by bolting traits, i.e. more rapid bolting cultivar accumulated more BSL in their leaves.

The accumulation amount of lactucin in lettuce leaves in conventional soil culture (10.1 §¶·g-1 DW) was higher than the one in hydroponics (4.8 §¶·g-1 DW), but 8-deoxylactucin and lactucopicrin did not show large differences between those cultural methods.

After bolting and elongating of flower stalk, leaves in middle part of stalk accumulated lower BSL than in top part of stalk. Also, flower stalks accumulated more BSL than leaves. Synthesis of BSL was accomplished over the total lettuce growing season, but from starting its bolting stage to flowering stage, BSL were actively synthesized. Synthesized BSL might be transported to and/or stored in epidermal young cells in stalk or young phloem tissues.

Increasing rate of shading the light adversely affected on the accumulation of BSL in lettuce leaves. Non-shading treated lettuce leaves showed the highest accumulation amounts of BSL, where lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin, and lactucopicrin were 4.2, 7.6, and 19.6 §¶·g-1 DW, respectively. 75% shading treatment showed the one-third level of their accumulation amounts in comparison with non-shading treatment.

Lower nitrogen concentration in nutrient solution effected higher BSL accumulation in lettuce leaves. 0.5 times strength treatment of nitrogen in nutrient solution produced highest amount of BSL accumulation (38.5 §¶·g-1 DW), but two times strength treatment gave the lowest accumulated amounts.

In phosphorous (PO4-P) treatment, 3 times concentration of PO4-P showed the highest accumulation amount of BSL (58.4 §¶·g-1 DW) comparing with 0.5 times concentration of PO4-P treatment (29.2 §¶·g-1 DW). Mg concentrations (0.5 - 5 times concentration) in nutrient solution showed direct proportion to BSL accumulation in lettuce leaves.

The effect of sulfur treatment on the accumulation trait of BSL was similar to total ion and nitrogen treatment. 0.5 times concentration treatment of SO4-S showed the highest accumulation traits of BSL (35.6 §¶·g-1 DW) including lactucin (7.1 §¶·g-1 DW), 8-deoxylactucin (5.6 §¶·g-1 DW), and lactucopicrin (23.0 §¶·g-1 DW), in which the accumulated amount was more twice times than 3 times concentration treatment of SO4-S.

From 0.5 dS·m-1 up to 3 dS·m-1 treatment of total ion concentration, the lowest nutrient solution concentration (EC 0.5 dS·m-1) resulted in highest amount of BSL in the leaves of lettuce. Accumulated lactones amounts of lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin, and lactucopicrin were 5.5, 7.5, and 35.8 §¶·g-1 DW, respectively, and total amount of BSL were 48.7 §¶·g-1 DW. Higher ion concentration than 0.5 dS·m-1 resulted in lowering the accumulation of those ingredients in lettuce leaves.

In each experiment, accumulated BSL amounts in lettuce leaves had highly direct proportion to sugar contents.



¥°. ßý       åë


»óÃß´Â ±¹È­°ú 1³â»ý Ãʺ»½Ä¹°À̸ç, ¶óƾ¾î·Î Á¥À» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â 'Lac'¿¡¼­ À¯·¡µÈ »óÃßÀÇ Çиí Lactuca sativa L.Àº ´Ù½Ã 'lettuce'¶ó´Â ÀϹݸíÀ¸·Î ¹ßÀüÇÏ¿© Áö±Ý¿¡ À̸£°í ÀÖ´Ù (Brill, 1994; Iwaza, 1980).

»óÃß´Â Àü ¼¼°èÀûÀ¸·Î 779,494 ha¿¡¼­ 17,140,536 M/TÀÌ »ý»êµÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç (FAO, 2000), ¿ì¸®³ª¶ó´Â 7,685 ha¿¡¼­ 203,509 M/TÀÌ »ý»êµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù (Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, 2000). ¿ì¸®³ª¶óÀÇ °æ¿ì »óÃß »ý»êÅë°è°¡ óÀ½ ÀÌ·çÁø 1969³â 139 ha (6,183 M/T)ÀÎ °Í¿¡ ºñÇϸé 56¹è³ª ´Ã¾î³­ ¸éÀû Áõ°¡¸¦ º¸À̰í ÀÖ¾î, »óÃß´Â ¿ì¸® ½Ä»ýȰ¿¡ Áß¿äÇÑ ÀÛ¹°ÀÓÀ» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.

ÀÌ¿Í °°ÀÌ ½Ó¿ëÀ¸·Î ¸ÔÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ´ëÇ¥ÀûÀΠä¼ÒÀÎ »óÃß´Â ±¹È­°ú ½Ä¹° °íÀ¯ÀÇ ½Ô½ÒÇÑ ¸ÀÀÌ ½Ä¿åÀ» µ¸¿î´Ù. »óÃßÀÇ ÀÙ·Áٱ⿡ »óó¸¦ ³»¸é êáá¬øà¿Í êáηÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °­ÇÑ ¾´¸ÀÀ» ³»´Â ¿ìÀ¯ºû latex¸¦ ºÐºñÇϴµ¥, À̰ÍÀ» ÁÖ¸ñÇÑ Hippocrates (460-377 B.C.)´Â »óÃß¿¡ ¾àÈ¿°¡ ÀÖÀ½À» óÀ½À¸·Î ÁÖÀåÇÏ¿´´Ù (Iwaza, 1980). ¾ß»ý German lettuce (Lactuca virosa L.) ¿¡¼­ ¸¹ÀÌ ºÐºñµÇ´Â latex´Â sequiterpene È­ÇÕ¹°·Î ÀÎÇØ °­ÇÑ ¾´¸ÀÀ» ³»¸ç, ÀÌ latex ³»¿¡ ´Ù·® ÇÔÀ¯µÇ¾î ÀÖ´Â lactucinÀº °­ÇÑ È°¼ºÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î ÃÖ¸éÀÛ¿ëÀÌ À־ À̰ÍÀ» °ÇÁ¶ÇÏ¿© 'lactucarium' ¶Ç´Â 'lettuce opium'À̶ó ºÒ¸®¸ç ¾à¿ëÀ¸·Î ÀÌ¿ëÇØ¿Ô´Ù (Barton µî, 1958).

ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ »óÃßÀÇ ¾´¸À¿¡ °ü¿©ÇÏ´Â bitter sesquiterpene lactones (ÀÌÇÏ BSL)ÀÇ ÁÖ¼ººÐÀº lactucin, 8-deoxylactucin, lactucopicrin µîÀ¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÀÌ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¿¬±¸´Â Å©°Ô ¼¼ °¡Áö °üÁ¡¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁ³´Ù. ù°, »óÃß¿Í Ä¡Ä¿¸®ÀÇ ¾´¸À°ú Çâ±â¸¦ Áõ°¡½ÃÄÑ Ç°ÁúÀ» Áõ°¡½ÃŰ·Á´Â Àǵµ¿¡¼­ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁø ¿¬±¸ (Price µî, 1990), µÑ°, ġĿ¸® »Ñ¸®ÀÇ »ç·áÈ­¸¦ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î »Ñ¸® ³» BSL ÇÔ·®À» °¨¼Ò½ÃŰ·Á´Â ¿¬±¸ (Peters, 1997), ¼Â°·Î´Â º´ÇØÃæ ÀúÇ×¼º¿¡ °ü·ÃµÈ BSLÀ» ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ º´ ÀúÇ×¼º Áõ´ë¸¦ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¿¬±¸µÇ¾î¿Ô´Ù (Rees¿Í Harborne, 1985).

»óÃß´Â ÃÊ¿©¸§¿¡ Àå´Ù¸®°¡ ¿Ã¶ó¿À¸é¼­ ½Ô½ÒÇÑ ¾´¸ÀÀÌ °­ÇØÁö´Âµ¥, ±× ½Ô½ÒÇÑ ¸ÀÀÌ ½Ä¿åÀ» µ¸¿ì¾î ÁÖ¾î »óÃßÀÇ Ç³¹Ì¸¦ ¸¸³£ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥, ÃÖ±Ù¿¡ ¿Í¼­ »óÃß Ç°Á¾°³·®°ú Àç¹è¹ýÀÌ °³¼±µÇ¾î ÁÖ³â»ý»êÀ» ÇϰԵʿ¡ µû¶ó »óÃß °íÀ¯ÀÇ ½Ô½ÒÇÑ ¸ÀÀ» ÀҾ°í ÀÖ´Â ½ÇÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù. ±×·¡¼­ ½Ô½ÒÇÑ ¸ÀÀÌ °­ÇÑ ¿£µðºê, ġĿ¸® µîÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ½Ó ä¼ÒµéÀÌ µµÀÔµÇ¾î »óÃßÀÇ ½Ô½ÒÇÑ ¸ÀÀ» ´ë½ÅÇϰí ÀÖ´Â ½ÇÁ¤ÀÌ¸ç ±× Àç¹è¸éÀûÀÌ Å©°Ô ´Ã¾î³ª°í ÀÖ´Ù. ÀÌó·³ »óÃßÀÇ ½Ô½ÒÇÑ ¾´¸ÀÀº ¸Å¿ì Áß¿äÇÑ Ç°Áú±¸¼º ¿äÀÎÀÓ¿¡µµ ºÒ±¸Çϰí BSL Ç¥Áع°ÁúÀÇ ºÎÀç·Î ÀÎÇØ Á¤·®À» ÇÏÁö ¸øÇÏ¿© °ü·Ã¿¬±¸°¡ Àü¹«ÇÑ ½ÇÁ¤ÀÌ´Ù.

µû¶ó¼­ º» ¿¬±¸´Â »óÃß ¾´¸ÀÀÇ ÁÖ ¿äÀÎÀÎ BSLÀ» ºÐ¸®, µ¿Á¤ÇÏ¿© Ç¥Áع°ÁúÀ» ¾ò°í, »óÃßÀÇ Ç°Á¾ ¹× ½Ä¹° °¢ ±â°üÀÇ BSLÀ» Á¤·®ÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, »óÃßÀÇ BSL ÇÔ·®¿¡ ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¥ °ÍÀ¸·Î ¿¹ÃøµÇ´Â Àç¹èȯ°æÀÇ Â÷±¤¼öÁذú, ¼ö°æÀç¹è¸¦ ÅëÇØ N, P, Mg, S µîÀÇ ¹«±â¼ººÐ°ú ¹è¾ç¾×ÀÇ Àü±âÀüµµµµ µîÀÇ º¯È­¿¡ µû¸¥ BSL ÇÔ·®À» Ž»öÇϰí, »óÃßÀÇ Ç°Áú¿¡ ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÑ °ü·ÃÀÌ ÀÖ´Â ¾´¸À °­È­¿äÀÎÀ» µµÃâÇÏ¿© BSL °­È­ »óÃß »ý»êÀ» ½ÇÇöÇϰíÀÚ ½ÇÇèÀ» ¼öÇàÇÏ°í ±× °á°ú¸¦ º¸°íÇÑ´Ù.


´ÙÀ½  2. ¿¬±¸»ç ·Î °¡±â